How Are Fossils Found and Extracted?

The tools used to collect fossils are simple ones such as those used by geologists: hammers, trowels, various cutting implements, compasses, brushes and sieves.

Fossils sometimes appear on the surface when eroded out of the soft rock strata around them. In such cases, it is sufficient to clean the fossils with a brush. However, fossil collecting is not usually that easy. The rocks inside which they are concealed are generally very hard, and it can take hours to extract a fossil from its rocky matrix. First, it is important to determine from what point the rock should be broken. Fracture lines are identified in the light of the rock bed itself. Every type of rock is broken in different ways. Schists, for example, have layers through which fracture lines can be established. Chalk, on the other hand, offers no such layers. At the same time, it is very important to watch for such indications as color changes or structural differences, if the fossils contained inside are not to be damaged.

After the fossil has been extracted from the rock, it undergoes a number of different processes. It must be protected and reinforced while being transported to the laboratory where it will be examined. One of the methods employed is to stabilize the fossil with chemical adhesives. Plaster casts are used for very large fossils. Those parts of the fossil that will be at risk during transportation are wrapped in dampened newspaper and then dipped in plaster.

Collecting sedimentary rocks and stones and carefully breaking open those ones predicted to consist fossils is an important stage of collecting fossils. (right) During transportation, sometimes fossils have to be protected by plastering. In the picture is shown how a fossil bone is covered by plaster. (left and middle)

The fossil then must be cleaned in order for all its details to become visible. If the fossil is harder than the rock surrounding it, then the cleaning process is a great deal easier. However, if the fossil has a softer structure, then chemical substances need to be used. One of the most commonly used methods is to clean away the matrix with acid. This enables all the fossil's details to be brought out. In some situations—particularly when the fossil is very delicate and possesses the same structure as the rock surrounding it—X-rays and computer-scanning devices are used to determine the fossil's structure before it is extracted from its location.

FOSSIL CLEANING BY ACID One method for cleaning fossils is to use acid. It is an efficient method to clean the limestone rock surrounding a fossil without harming it. 1. The rock surrounding the fossil is submerged into the proper acid until a small portion of the fossil appears. 2. The emerging section of the fossil is washed and covered with a material resistant to acid. 3. Fossil is submerged into acid once again, and these operations are repeated a few more times. 4. The protective material should be applied to the exposed portion of the fossil, so as to protect it from any harm. 5. Finally the fossil is entirely released from its surrounding rock. Fossil is thoroughly washed to clean it of both the acid and its protective material.